Postpandemic international tourism restart: effect of border control and vaccination

PurposeAs the current Coronavirus 2019 pandemic eases, international tourism, which was greatly affected by the outbreak, is gradually recovering. The attraction of countries to overseas tourists is related to their overall performance in the pandemic. This research integrates the data of vaccination of different countries, border control policy and holidays to explore their differential impacts on the overseas tourists' intention during the pandemic. This is crucial for destinations to built their tourism resilience. It will also help countries and industry organizations to promote their own destinations to foreign tourism enterprises. Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes an analysis based on panel data for ten countries over 1,388 days. The coefficient of variation is used to measure monthly differences of Chinese tourists' intention to visit overseas country destinations. FindingsResults show that, for tourist intention of going abroad: border control of the destination country has a significant negative impact;daily new cases in the destination country have a significant negative impact;domestic daily new cases have a significant positive impact;holidays have significant negative impact;daily vaccination of the destination countries has significant positive impact;and domestic daily vaccination have negative significant impact. Research limitations/implicationsFirst, there is a large uncertainty in studying consumers' willingness to travel abroad in this particular period because of unnecessary travel abroad caused by the control of the epidemic. Second, there are limitations in studying only Chinese tourists, and future research should be geared toward a broader range of research pairs. Practical implicationsFirst, from the government perspective, a humane response can earn the respect and trust of tourists. Second, for tourism industry, to encourage the public take vaccine would be beneficial for both the tourism destination and foreign tourism companies. The same effect can be achieved by helping tourists who are troubled by border control. Social implicationsFirst, this research provides suggestions for the government and the tourism industry to deal with such a crisis in the future. Second, this study found that vaccination has a direct impact on tourism. This provides a basis for improving people's willingness to vaccinate. Thirdly, this study proves suggestion for the destinations to build tourism resilience. Originality/valueThis study analyzes the unique control measures and vaccination in different countries during the pandemic, then provides suggestions for the tourism industry to prepare for the upcoming postpandemic tourism recovery. This study is valuable for improving the economic resilience of tourism destinations. Additionally, it helps to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different restrain policies around the world.

Sequential Immunization of Updated Covid-19 DNA and Rna Vaccines in Nonhuman Primates

Background: COVID-19 vaccines that expand immunity against emerging variants of concern (VOC) are needed to protect against ongoing viral evolution. We investigated the impact of boosting nonhuman primates pre-immune to the original WA-1 strain with updated VOC vaccines on the breadth and magnitude of mucosal and systemic antibody (Ab) and T cell (Tc) responses. Method(s): Cynomolgus macaques were primed with 2 doses of WA-1 Spike protein encoded by either an IL-12 adjuvanted DNA vaccine administered by gene gun (GG) or a self-amplifying RNA vaccine (repRNA) delivered intramuscularly (IM) with a cationic nanocarrier (LIONTM/IM, HDT Bio) or by GG (FIG 1). A booster dose was administered at week 17 with DNA or repRNA vaccines expressing B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617 (Delta) Spike receptor-binding domains (RBDs) fused to influenza HA2 stem domain (SHARP, designed by AIR/ JP) followed by a final Beta + Delta + WA-1 SHARP boost at week 34. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were collected before and after each dose. Binding and neutralizing Ab to VOCs, including Omicron strains, were measured by ELISA and pseudovirus neutralization assays. Tc responses to Spike protein (WA-1 peptides) were measured by ELISpot. Immune responses were compared between groups and between blood vs lung using non-parametric statistical tests. Result(s): Two doses of WA-1 DNA or repRNA vaccines induced broad Ab against all VOC with the repRNA vaccine inducing the highest titers. Boosting with VOC SHARP significantly increased mucosal and systemic Ab responses against all VOCs tested including Omicron. After final boost, all groups had comparable binding and neutralization Ab titers and Tc responses regardless of method of delivery (GG or LIONTM/IM) or formulation (DNA or repRNA). Tc responses were significantly higher in the BAL vs PBMC after WA-1 Spike doses (p=0.0420) and VOC SHARP boosters (p=0.0009). Conclusion(s): The WA-1 strain primed for broad responses against VOCs that were significantly boosted with updated SHARP vaccines including responses against Omicron, even though this strain was not included in any dose. This suggests that sequential immunization with updated vaccines may broaden mucosal and systemic immunity against future VOCs. The repRNA vaccine initially induced the strongest responses, but there were no differences between RNA and DNA following additional booster doses, a result that supports development of a more cost-effective, room temperature stable DNA vaccine for worldwide boosters. (Figure Presented).

Requesting a commitment in school teachers to teach in unprecedented ways: The mediating role of teacher agency

The necessity for the development and enhancement of teacher commitment to satisfying students' learning needs in response to the COVID crisis is increasingly highlighted. It is not known, however, how to increase commitment in schoolteachers to boost online teaching in light of the fact that they, too, are struggling to cope with the rapid, unexpected change. A total of 601 teachers from primary and secondary schools across China participated in this study, with an average teaching experience of 15.9 years. Structural equation modelling was used to verify the significance of contextual, cognitive, affective and behavioural factors in boosting teachers' commitment to online teaching. The findings demonstrated that teacher agency played a complete mediating role in the predicting power of other factors to teacher commitment. Therefore, it was recommended that attention be paid to the practice and opportunities for teacher agentic actions, which necessitates real encounters with online teaching, allowing teachers to act meaningfully and initiate a new set of teaching strategies. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic The large-scale transition to emergency online teaching serves as the catalyst for creating a blended or hybrid model of education provision in the long term. How hard teachers work to perform at their best and overcome obstacles to support students' learning needs in new environment relies on the intensity of teacher commitment to change. Online and blended learning requires teachers to not only be prepared for a diverse learning environment but also to build and rebuild their own identity as future teachers. What this paper adds This study adds to our knowledge of how traditional F2F classroom teachers reinvented their roles and responsibilities in response to the pandemic-driven challenges based on real-world experiences. As a result of the COVID-19 lockdown school closures, schoolteachers' commitment to enhancing online teaching efforts has increased. The study highlights the complete mediating role of teacher agency in the predicting power of cognitive and affective factors to teacher commitment. Implications for practice and/or policy To learn more about how to be a good online teacher, future teachers need greater deliberate effort in diverse online teaching activities. Future teachers should be equipped with not only new technological and remote instructional strategies and skills, but also with confidence in, value for, and actual experiences with online teaching in a technology-rich environment. For teachers to obtain hands-on experience in integrating technology with distance teaching pedagogy at a time of rapid change, schools should have some days online and offer blended learning opportunities wherever possible. © 2023 British Educational Research Association.

The form of global aviation market space in the context of the epidemic

There are many mismatches between international aviation circuit breakers/ maintenance and the stringency index and severity of the outbreak in the origin or destination country in the context of COVID-19. Under the background of the global outbreak of COVID19, in addition to the reasons for the stage of epidemic transmission, prevention-control environment and testing/treatment methods, the underlying impact on the global aviation market its own cannot be ignored. Based on market space theory and market network relationship analysis methods, as well as the international routes, flight volume/frequency/seat capacity and airport operation data of the six major global airline markets for four representative periods from 2019 to 2020, this paper intends to analyze the form of the global aviation market space under the background of the epidemic. The conclusions are as follows. In the process of shrinking the global route network, the original major aviation connections from Western Europe to North America and those from China, Japan to South Korea and the United States have not changed. The developed economies/emerging economies have shown the existence of spatial aggregation. South America has maintained a clear-pointed route to North America and at the same time, a large number of routes to Europe have been cut off. Oceania has increased the use of hub airports in Southeast Asia to maintain routes to Europe and the United States. Market-dependent countries have shown the existence of spatial duality. Aggregate and dual markets highlight the dominant role of the economic landscape. The relatively independent existence of space is strongly influenced by the "regional model", and the aviation market shaping inside and outside the regional alliance is completely different with the European Union, the African Union, and the ASEAN as typical cases. Culturally neighboring countries show the existence of compact connected communities. There are clear manifestations between China-Japan-South Korea, ASEAN to China-Japan-South Korea and Northeast Africa to Arab countries, which are supported by the potential support of cultural and local sensitivity to maintain a high frequency of flights. The above changes in aviation connectivity demonstrate the persistence of inherent aviation value chains and their reinforcing effect on the forms of existence of global aviation market space. It is necessary to explore the economicgeographical implications of the forms of existence of the global aviation market space in depth under the background of the COVID-19 epidemic reinterpret the assertions related to the market space existence forms dominated by globalization in recent years. © 2023, Science Press. All rights reserved.

Assessment of respiratory disease infection risk and natural ventilation intervention countermeasures in teaching spaces: A campus case study

The risk of indoor respiratory disease transmission can be significantly reduced through interventions that target the built environment. Several studies have successfully developed theoretical models to calculate the effects of built environment parameters on infection rates. However, current studies have mainly focused on calculating infection rate values and comparing pre- and post-optimization values, lacking a discussion of safe baseline values for infection rates with risk class classification. The purpose of this paper is to explore the design of interventions in the built environment to improve the ability of buildings to prevent virus transmission, with a university campus as an example. The study integrates the Wells-Riley model and basic reproduction number to identify teaching spaces with high infection risk on campus and proposes targeted intervention countermeasures based on the analysis of critical parameters. The results showed that teaching buildings with a grid layout pattern had a higher potential risk of infection under natural ventilation. By a diversity of building environment interventions designed, the internal airflow field of classrooms can be effectively organized, and the indoor virus concentration can be reduced. We can find that after optimizing the building mentioned above and environment intervention countermeasures, the maximum indoor virus infection probability can be reduced by 22.88%, and the basic reproduction number can be reduced by 25.98%, finally reaching a safe level of less than 1.0. In this paper, we support university campuses' respiratory disease prevention and control programs by constructing theoretical models and developing parametric platforms. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

International Workshop on Learning with Knowledge Graphs: Construction, Embedding, and Reasoning

A knowledge graph (KG) consists of numerous triples, in which each triple, i.e., (head entity, relation, tail entity), denotes a real-world assertion. Many large-scale KGs have been developed, e.g., general-purpose KGs Freebase and YAGO. Also, lots of domain-specific KGs are emerging, e.g., COVID-19 KGs, biomedical KGs, and agricultural KGs. By embedding KGs into low-dimensional vectors, i.e., representations of entities and relations, we could integrate KGs into machine learning models and enhance the performance of many prediction tasks, including search, recommendations, and question answering. During the construction, refinement, embedding, and application of KGs, a variety of KG learning algorithms have been developed to handle challenges in various real-world scenarios. Moreover, graph neural networks have also brought new opportunities to KG learning. This workshop aims to engage with active researchers from KG communities, recommendation communities, natural language processing communities, and other communities, and deliver state-of-the-art research insights into the core challenges in KG learning. © 2023 Owner/Author.

Retrospective Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapeutics

The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 created panic all over the world. As therapeutics that can effectively wipe out the virus and terminate transmission are not available, supportive therapeutics are the main clinical treatments for COVID-19. Repurposing available therapeutics from other viral infections is the primary surrogate in ameliorating and treating COVID-19. The therapeutics should be tailored individually by analyzing the severity of COVID-19, age, gender, comorbidities, and so on. We aim to investigate the effects of COVID-19 therapeutics and to search for laboratory parameters indicative of severity of illness. Multi-center collaboration and large cohort of patients will be required to evaluate therapeutics combinations in the future. This study is a single-center retrospective observational study of COVID-19 clinical data in China. Information on patients' treatment modalities, previous medical records, individual disease history, and clinical outcomes were considered to evaluate treatment efficacy. After screening, 2,844 patients are selected for the study. The result shows that treatment with TCM (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.191 [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.14–0.25];p < 0.0001), antiviral therapy (HR 0.331 [95% CI 0.19–0.58];p = 0.000128), or Arbidol (HR 0.454 [95% CI 0.34–0.60];p < 0.0001) is associated with good prognostic of patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed TCM treatment decreased the mortality hazard ratio by 69.4% (p < 0.0001). © 2022, ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

Changes in the size of domestic tourists in mainland China under the impact of COVID-19

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the changes of the scale of urban tourists in mainland China under the impact of COVID-19 and, specifically, the following questions: how did the scale of domestic tourists change nationwide and in the seven geographic regions? What are the differences in the changes among the seven geographic regions? What are the changes in the hot spot areas and spatial clustering of domestic tourists across the country? Design/methodology/approach: Using the data of domestic tourist arrivals in 337 cities in mainland China from 2018 to 2021, this research analyzes the absolute differences and relative differences in the scale of domestic tourists nationwide and in seven geographic divisions with the help of indicators such as range analysis, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and explores the changes in the hot spot areas and spatial concentration degree of the spatial scale of domestic tourists nationwide under the influence of the epidemic using kernel density analysis and spatial auto-correlation analysis. Findings: The absolute differences in all seven geographical divisions continue to increase during 2018–2021. The domestic tourism in southwest China is extremely uneven. Absolute differences in the northwest and northeast regions are relatively small, and the development in attracting domestic tourists is more balanced. Relative differences in southwest China are comparatively large, with the trend of uneven development being obvious. The northeast, northwest and eastern regions of China are small, and the development is more balanced. The popularity of domestic tourism in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, as well as the Yangtze River Delta region, continues to decline and then pick up in 2021. The inland southwest region became a new domestic tourism hot spot in 2021. The size of domestic tourists from 2018 to 2021 in mainland China cities shows a significant positive spatial correlation, and there is a spatial agglomeration phenomenon, but some regional agglomeration types change from 2018 to 2021. Research limitations/implications: The impact of the epidemic on the number and spatial scale of domestic tourism in China has been clarified, which makes up for the comparison of domestic tourism changes before and after the epidemic. A clear understanding of the changes in the number and spatial scale of domestic tourists in different regions after the epidemic is conducive to the development of domestic tourism revitalization strategies in accordance with the actual situation of each province and promotes the internal circulation of Chinese tourism. Practical implications: This paper tries to clarify the quantitative scale of domestic tourism in different regions after the epidemic, which is conducive to the development of domestic tourism revitalization strategies in cities in different regions according to regional characteristics and the actual situation of each province and to promote the healthy operation of the internal circulation of tourism in China. This paper also tries to show the changes of domestic tourism market hot spots, agglomeration conditions changes before and after the outbreak and the clarity of tourists' preference space changes. Originality/value: Scale of domestic tourists;Absolute difference;Relative difference;Spatial hot spot distribution;Spatial agglomeration change. © 2023, Emerald Publishing Limited.

Validation of Factors Affecting Learning Experience in Emergency Remote Teaching

For more than 2 decades, online or e-learning has been the major approach to distant education. However, a new variant of online learning AKA emergency remote teaching or ERT has emerged and increasingly becoming popular. ERT refers to the temporary transition of educational activities (instruction, assessment, advising) from the traditional to online to avert the crisis. This differs from a typical online or e-learning wherein educational activities are intended to be delivered online and are thus carefully designed, planned and implemented to fulfill this intention. With regards to existing literature, few publications have identified the differences between online learning and ERT, and expressed concerns over the quality of educational activities in ERT. Currently, studies that validate student learning experience in ERT are lacking in literature. ERT is an emerging pedagogical approach that was widely adopted in Spring 2020 due to COVID-19, hence it is imperative to validate its impact in students' learning experience as well as instructors' teaching experience. In this research, we focus on the following research question: what factors affect students' learning experience and instructors' teaching experience in an emergency remote teaching? To answer this question, we collected data from 240 students and 98 instructors during the implementation of ERT in our institution in Spring and Fall of 2020. Using a combination of ANOVA and Turkey's Honestly Significantly Difference (HSD), we analyze the data to determine the factors that can be used to predict student learning experience and teaching experience in ERT. Our results of this study will inspire more studies in ERT and inform effective delivery of instructional activities in time of crisis. © 2022 IEEE.

Perceived differences in peer-to-peer accommodation before and after COVID-19: evidence from China

PurposeBased on text content analysis using big data, this study aims to explore differences in guest perceptions of peer-to-peer accommodations before and after COVID-19 to provide suggestions for the development of these properties in China postpandemic. Design/methodology/approachA guest perception dictionary was established by collecting Ctrip customer reviews of peer-to-peer accommodations. After data cleaning, thematic word analysis and semantic association network analysis were used to explore perceptions and thematic differences before and after COVID-19. FindingsThis research constructed a multidimensional framework of guest-perceived values for peer-to-peer accommodation in the context of COVID-19. The findings showed that the emphasis on functionality in peer-to-peer accommodation changed;perceived emotional values associated with peer-to-peer stays were more complex;perceived social values decreased, host-guest interactions were reduced and online communication became a stronger trend;tourist preferences for types of experiences changed, and people changed their destination selections;perceived conditional value was reflected in perceived risks, and the perceptions of environmental health, service and physical risks increased. Research limitations/implicationsThis research has constructed a multidimensional framework of tourist perceived value on the basis of peer-to-peer accommodation context and epidemic background and has thus shown the changes in tourist perceived value of peer-to-peer accommodation before and after COVID-19. Originality/valueTo the best of authors' knowledge, this research constitutes the first attempt to explore the perceptual differences for peer-to-peer accommodations before and after COVID-19 based on an extensive data set of online reviews from multiple provinces of China.

Stop-Virus Collaborative: A Qualitative Analysis to Forming a Virtual Landscape of Practice

INTRODUCTION: The Structured Team-based Optimal Patient-Centered Care for Virus COVID-19 (STOP-VIRUS) Collaborative was a virtual adaptation to healthcare collaboration and quality improvement during COVID-19 pandemic. The learning that happens in this space is complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional, best explained using Wenger's social learning theory of the Landscape of Practice, where one needs knowledgeability and the ability to identify and cross the boundaries to achieve learning. METHOD(S): We conducted a qualitative study using thematic analysis to explore STOP-VIRUS participants' perspective on their experience. We used identified themes to inform the creation of the continuum of readiness for change to better characterize common challenges that institutions face at different QI readiness stages. We used a blended framework of the ADKAR model for changes start at the individual level, McKinsey's 7S framework to focus our efforts on different components necessary for change at the organizational level, and the overarching theory of landscape of practice to guide analysis and development of our conceptual framework. RESULT(S): We constructed a blended conceptual framework based on the ADKAR stages of change and the necessary components for successful change implementation based on the McKinsey's 7S framework. The 7S framework effectively demonstrates a systematic and comprehensive approach to change on an organizational level, including the 7 constructs: staff, style/culture, skills, strategy, systems, structure, with shared culture at the center of change. However, change starts at the individual level. Within the STOP-VIRUS Collaborative, the participants from each site are the catalyst for change. As a result, this is reflected through the stages of change embodied in the ADKAR model: awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement. Together, they provided a continuum that enable individual healthcare providers to impact change on an organization level. CONCLUSION(S): STOP-VIRUS collaborative was a multicenter, interprofessional, and diverse learning environment that re-emphasized best-practice guidelines. It provides valuable support to institutions at various stages of readiness for quality improvement initiatives, with important lessons that can be applied to future virtual collaboratives.

Measurement of Blood Oxygen based on Remote-Photoplethysmography

SpO2, also known as blood oxygen saturation, is a vital physiological indicator in clinical care. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, silent hypoxia has been one of the most serious symptoms. This symptom makes the patient's SpO2 drop to an extremely low level without discomfort and causes medical care delay for many patients. Therefore, regularly checking our SpO2 has become a very important matter. Recent work has been looking for convenient and contact-free ways to measure SpO2 with cameras. However, most previous studies were not robust enough and didn't evaluate their algorithms on the data with a wide SpO2 range. In this paper, we proposed a novel non-contact method to measure SpO2 by using the weighted K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm. Five features extracted from the RGB traces, POS, and CHROM signals were used in the KNN model. Two datasets using different ways to lower the SpO2 were constructed for evaluating the performance. The first one was collected through the breath-holding experiment, which induces more motion noise and confuses the actual blood oxygen features. The second dataset was collected at Song Syue Lodge, which locates at an elevation of 3150 meters and has lower oxygen concentration in the atmosphere making the SpO2 drop between the range of 80% to 90% without the need of holding breath. The proposed method outperforms the benchmark algorithms on the leave-one-subject-out and cross-dataset validation. © 2022 IEEE.

Role of pyroptosis in severe COVID-19

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease endangering the respirator)' traet and multiple organs of the whole body caused by severe aeute respirator)' syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2).More than 200 million people in the world have been infected with the disease, which is an unprecedented global plague.Most patients with C0VID-19 only show mild symptoms with a good prognosis, but about 20% of them may develop into severe cases and eause serious compli-cations, including acute respirator)' distress syndrome ( ARDS) , systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) , cytokine release syndrome (CRS) , etc.Pyroptosis is a kind of programmed cell death characterized by significant inflammatory response.It is often mediated by inflammatory caspase and the gasdermin family of membrane perforating proteins is the final effector molecules, resulting in cell membrane swelling and rupture to death, accompanied by the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-lp and IL-18, etc).Pyropto- sis affects the occurrence, progression and treatment of many diseases due to its inflammatory and morphological characteristics, and also plays an important role in severe COVID-19.Therefore, drugs that target key molecules in the pyroapoptotic pathway could he a promising breakthrough for treating severe COVID-19.This article reviews the role of pyroptosis in severe COVID-19 complications ARDS and CHS. Copyright © 2022 Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.

Analysis of S protein cross-interference in three different corona virus strains

Objective: To investigate the S protein cross-interference of the HB02 coronavirus strain, the Delta coronavirus strain and the Omicron coronavirus strain using the developed method of polyclonal enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Method(s): The monovalent vaccines of HB02 strain, Delta strain and Omicron strain were prepared in different ratios and combinations. The inactivated vaccines of HB02 strain, Delta strain and Omicon strain (Vero cell) S protein antigen ELISA method was used for detection, and the detection results were compared and the interference rate was calculated. At the same time, the interference rates between the monovalent antigen detection results of the three SARS-CoV-2 strains were analyzed. Result(s): The results of the two strains at different doses showed that the interference rate ranged from 4.21% to 29.53% when Delta strain was added to HB02 strain along with the increasing dose. When Omicron strain was increasingly added to HB02 strian, the interference rate ranged 4.40%~12.75%, and when HB02 strain was increasingly added to Delta strain, the interference rate ranged 56.17%~464.21%. The interference rate ranged from 6.29% to 25.91% when Omicron strain was added to Delta strain from a low to high dose. When HB02 strain was added to Omicron strain, the interference rate ranged from 32.05% to 337.22%. When Delta strain was added to Omicron strain, the interference rate ranged from 44.91% to 252.14%. The results of different doses of the three strains showed that the interference rate ranged from 2.79% to 22.86% when different doses of Delta strain+Omicron strain were added to HB02 strain. When different doses of HB02+Omicron strains were added to Delta strain, the interference rate was 67.16% to 267.95%. When different doses of HB02+Delta strains were added to Omicron strain, the interference rate was 100.66%~412.54%. In addition, the interference rates of monovalent Delta strain and Omicron strain detected by HB02 antigen detection kit were 70% and 90%, respectively. The interference rates of Delta strain antigen detection kit for monovalent HB02 strain and Omicron strain were 30% and 35%, respectively. The interference rates of Omicron strain antigen detection kit for monovalent HB02 strain and Delta strain were 5% and 10% respectively. Conclusion(s): Due to the high similarity of S protein in the HB02, Delta and Omicron COVID-19 vaccines, different strains were mixed at series ratios, and different components had different degrees of interference. When the components of the two strains were mixed at different doses, both Delta strain and Omicron strain showed positive interference to the HB02 strain, and the Delta strain showed a gradually increasing trend with the increasing Delta strain doses, while the interference rate did not change significantly with the variation of Omicron strain dose. HB02 strain showed strong positive interference to Delta strain, and the interference rate gradually increased with the increase of HB02 strain, while Omicron strain showed weak positive interference to Delta strain, and the interference rate did not change significantly with the increase of Omicron strain dose. Both HB02 strain and Delta strain showed strong positive interference to Omicron strain, and showed a stepwise increasing trend with the increase of the composition ratio of HB02 strain or Delta strain. When the three strains were mixed at different ratios, the Delta strain+Omicron strain showed positive interference to the HB02 strain, but the interference rate did not change significantly with the increase of the composition of Delta strain+Omicron strain. HB02 strain+Omicron strain showed strong positive interference to Delta strain. However, when the composition of HB02 strain and Delta strain was unchanged, the interference of Omicron strain to Delta strain did not change significantly no matter how Omicron strain changed. The results showed that HB02 strain had strong positive interference to Delta strain, but Omicron strain did not exert obvious interference to Delta strain. HB02+D lta strain showed strong positive interference to Omicron strain, and the ratio of HB02 and Delta strain increased stepwise. Different COVID-19 antigen detection kits were used to detect the monovalent COVID-19 samples of the three virus strains. Among them, HB02 antigen detection kit had the highest interference rate to Omicron strain samples, but Omicron strain antigen detection kit could effectively detect HB02 COVID-19 antigen. The Delta strain antigen detection kit could detect some COVID-19 antigens of HB02 strain and Omicron strain. Copyright © 2022, Chinese Journal of New Drugs Co. Ltd. All right reserved.

Impact of Crisis on Sustainable Business Model Innovation—The Role of Technology Innovation

The transformation of old and new technologies, the normalized crisis situation, and global economic integration blur industrial boundaries and cause the business pattern to fluctuate and become unsustainable, especially when considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study focuses on crisis situations and combines the types of technology innovation (introduction, socialization, and differentiation) and sustainable business model innovation (efficiency, novelty, and co-benefit innovations) to theoretically analyze the dynamic impact of technology innovation on different types of sustainable business model innovations. Using a multi-case comparative analysis method, typical enterprises are selected as the sample cases. This study discusses the influences of different technology innovation schemes on sustainable business model innovation in different crisis situations. Enterprises should consider introducing technology for rapid value updates to maintain an efficient business model in an urgent production factor crisis, search for valuable and scarce technical components or introduce other entities to facilitate technical cooperation and form a novel business model in a market environment crisis, and use big data, artificial intelligence, and other technologies to create co-benefit business model innovation in a business ethics crisis. The conclusion guides enterprises and provides a framework for the optimal technical scheme under the corresponding crisis. © 2022 by the authors.

Implications of Emergency Remote Teaching During COVID-19Lockdown: an Exploratory Analysis

In Spring of 2020, universities and colleges in the USA implemented a number of alternative pedagogical measures in compliance with social distance policies to curb the spread of COVID-19 and persist in academic activities. “Emergency Remote Teaching” ERT, defined as a temporary shift of pedagogy to remote models due to crises, appears to be the most popular among these measures. The transition to ERT has a range of pedagogical implications in many areas including student engagement, technology use and access, emotional stability and student assessment. Data on students and faculty experiences with respect to these areas can offer immediate and strategic insights into the implications of ERT. Current literature focuses on the development of various pedagogical approaches and technologies for remote learning. However, in depth analysis of the implications of ERT is currently lacking. This research seeks to provide insight into the challenges and implications of ERT to pedagogy, specifically we focus on student engagement and academic performance. Hence this research seeks to answer the following research questions: (i) What are the implications of emergency remote teaching on students' learning experience? (ii) What is the impact of emergency remote teaching instructors' teaching experience? In order to answer this research question, we designed a questionnaire in “surveymonkey” and distributed this to students and faculty members at small Universities in Northern Pennsylvania. We received 240 responses. After performing an exploratory analysis on the collected data, we found that although students are engaged with course materials and university staff, peer-to-peer and student-instructor engagement are low in an ERT. Also, ERT appears to have a negative impact on assessment from both students' and instructors' perspectives. As instructors continue to search for effective and alternative pedagogical strategies to deliver their courses in the face of COVID-19, we recommend that future efforts towards implementation of ERT should focus on strategies for improving peer-to-peer and student-instructor engagement. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Culture embedded in anti-epidemic measures

Objectives: This paper mainly aims to construct an index system evaluating the health communication effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treating COVID 19. Methods: In this paper, the authors used social network analysis (SNA), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and in-depth interviews. Based content analysis and SNA, culture-oriented textual research is processed to refine the practical and exact role of Culture in theCONVID-19 penetrated health communications. In the meantime, regarding justification, objectivity and feasibility as the main aims, an evaluating system is also established and discussed via Delphi technique and AHP to fully cover the culture driven health communication effects. Results: This paper concludes with a three-faceted CONVID-19 health communication effects evaluating system with cultural features. Given the prominent role thatWeb-based Communication Index (WCI) plays. According to the analysis, it is easy to get the conclusion that the first-level media exposure indexes are mainly focused on the amount of reading, reposting and liking. As for cultural cognitive indexes, the width of doctor-patient interactions is the major indicator in the second dimension including average reading numbers, follower scale and the specific genre and registers of each particular post. At the third level, doctor-patient attitude and sentiment are fully explored within the indexes concerning muti-platform usage, post originality, news source, theme and readability. In addition, the weight allocation is submitted with AHP, Delphi style interviews and questionnaires of several scholars specialized in both communications studies and practitioners of both doctors and patients. Against the existing literature and WCI, a number of multi-party optimizations and iteration are also carried out to ensure the effectiveness and feasibility. Conclusions: Despite of the authors' ultimate attempt, a perfectly scientific, unified and universal evaluating system is yet to construct for culture deconstruction. Therefore, this present paper paves the way to bridge the cultural impacts and health communication effects.

Simulation Research on COVID-19 Transmission and Control Measures Based on SEIiRD Model

With the spread of the novel coronavirus pneumonia around the world, the data and transmission mechanism are analyzed. The SEIiRD model is constructed based on the existing SEIRD model, and the infected population is divided into asymptomatic infections, mild infections, severe infections and critical infections. The impact of the transmission rate of different infected people on the development of the epidemic was analyzed. Simulation experiments were carried out on the basis of fitting real data, and it was found that the main infected populations that affected the discovery of the epidemic were asymptomatic and mildly infected. On this basis, the transmission rate of different asymptomatic and mildly infected people was further analyzed. The impact of different intervention times on the number of infections and deaths was simulated. Results show that the model can effectively simulate the spread of COVID-19 and provide decision-making support to the departments to implement corresponding epidemic prevention and control strategies. © 2022 Acta Simulata Systematica Sinica. All rights reserved.

Direct visualization of single-cell non-repetitive genes by in situ activation of collateral activity of CRISPR/Cas12a inside cells

The spread of drug-resistance bacteria is a serious issue of environment. Tools allowing to image single-cell genes can provide key information about the spatial pattern and heterogeneity of cell population. Herein, we explored the possibility of in situ activation of collateral trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a inside cells, to achieve a direct detection of single-cell non-repetitive genes. CRISPR/Cas12a allows to recognize target genes without the need for denaturation or digestion process. Particularly, the target gene-activated trans-cleavage by CRISPR/ Cas12a inside cells outputs an amplified signal for the gene recognition, allowing to visualize non-repetitive genes. The signal-to-background ratio for imaging drug-resistance gene, oqxB in the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was further improved by combining multiple binding of Cas12a, enabled imaging of drug-resistance S. Typhimurium isolated from poultry farm and in the intestinal tract sec-tions. Single-cell investigation of S. Typhimurium under salt stress indicated that drug-sensitive strain owned a survival advantage over drug-resistance strain at high-content salt environment. This gene imaging methods holds potential for detecting the spread of drug resistance in the environment and serves as a means to inves-tigate the relationship between genotype and phenotype at single-cell level.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COVID-19 AND DELIRIUM DEVELOPMENT IN ACUTE CARE UNITS AT AN ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER

BACKGROUND: In studies of COVID-19 patients, delirium is associated with functional impairments, increased length of stay (LOS), and mortality, though the condition is often under-detected. To date, no research has examined the impact of COVID-19 on the likelihood of developing delirium while hospitalized. Using a validated delirium screening tool, we examined 1) the association between COVID-19 diagnosis and incidence of delirium among patients admitted to acute care units at a large, urban academic hospital, and 2) factors associated with the incidence of delirium among patients admitted with COVID-19. METHODS: The study population consists of all adult patients admitted to acute care units at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin from July 2020 to February 2021. Patients were excluded if they had delirium at admission, were admitted from an ICU, or had history of a psychiatric diagnosis. Delirium was assessed using Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (NuDESC). Screening occurred every 8 hours;patients scoring ≥ 2 were considered delirious. COVID-positivity was assessed via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test prior to admission or after admission but prior to delirium onset. A multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association between COVID-19 status and odds of developing deliriumduring the hospital stay, adjusting for demographics, financial vulnerability (uninsured or Medicaid enrollees), comorbidities, and time fixed effects. RESULTS: 20,509 patients were included. The mean age was 55.6 (SD=19.7), with 9,768 (47.6%) >60. 11,553 (56.3%) were female. 4,351 (21.2%) were considered financially vulnerable. 374 patients (1.8%) tested positive for COVID-19. 2,278 patients (11.1%) developed delirium. Of COVID-positive patients, the incidence rate of developing delirium rose to 18.2%.On average, COVID-positive patients had 62%higher relative risk (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.14, p=.001) of developing delirium than COVID-negative patients. This result persisted in sensitivity analyses where we also controlled for patients' LOS. Development of delirium was associated with male sex (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.18-1.42, p=.000), Black race (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.18-1.42, p=.000), Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.33, 95%CI 1.05-1.69, p=.017), financial vulnerability (OR 1.63, 95%CI 1.42-1.89, p=.000), and age >40. Among COVID-positive patients, development of delirium was associated with male sex (OR 2.39, 95%CI 1.41-4.06, p=.000), and age >60. We found no evidence that the presence of specific COVID-19 symptom(s) increased the odds of developing delirium compared to asymptomatic COVID-19-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 were significantly more likely to develop delirium during their hospital stay than their COVID-19 negative counterparts, even after controlling for confounding. Among COVID-19 positive patients, patients >60 are especially vulnerable. Providers should proactively assess delirium among COVID-19 patients, with a particular focus on the elderly.